了解 Milan 技術（中文簡介）
Milan 是由 Avnu 聯盟開發的一種先進網路音訊協定，專為專業音視頻（AV）應用設計，目標是提供高效、可靠且具相容性的解決方案。它基於 IEEE 的影音橋接（AVB）技術，並通過額外的規範和優化，滿足現代網路音頻的嚴格需求。以下是對 Milan 技術的詳細介紹，包含技術細節：
1. 技術基礎：AVB
Milan 建立在 AVB（影音橋接）技術之上，這是一套 IEEE 802.1 標準，專為在乙太網路上實現低延遲、確定性的即時數據傳輸而設計。其核心組成包括：
時間同步（IEEE 802.1AS）：基於精確時間協定（PTPv2），實現網路設備間的高精度時鐘同步，誤差小於 1 微秒（通常在納秒級）。這確保音訊樣本在多設備間精準對齊，避免相位差或延遲累積。
流量管理（IEEE 802.1Qav）：採用信用基礎整形算法（Credit-Based Shaper），將影音數據設為高優先等級流量，限制非關鍵數據的干擾。傳輸延遲通常低於 2 毫秒（視網路規模而定）。
頻寬保留（IEEE 802.1Qat）：通過串流保留協定（SRP），動態分配網路頻寬，例如為 48 kHz、24-bit 音訊串流保留約 6 Mbps 的穩定頻寬，避免競爭導致丟包或抖動。
Milan 在 AVB 的基礎上新增了應用層規範（如設備發現、通道映射和格式規範），使其更適合專業音訊應用。
2. Milan 的主要特點
穩定傳輸：Milan 提供確定性傳輸，延遲固定且可預測（例如，端到端延遲可低至 1-2 毫秒），不受網路負載影響。這得益於 AVB 的時效性網路（TSN）特性，確保音訊數據準時到達，適合現場演出等關鍵應用。
無縫相容：Milan 制定了詳細的協定堆疊，包括設備認證和互通性測試。支援高達 128 個音訊通道（視設備現況），並使用標準化的控制協定（如 AVDECC，IEEE 1722.1）實現跨品牌協作。
簡單部署：只需使用支援 AVB 的交換機（無需專用 Dante 或 QoS 配置），即可運行。網路拓撲支援星型或菊鏈，最多可串聯 7 級交換機，延遲仍保持在微秒級。
高度可靠：Milan 支援網路備援（例如雙網埠設計），若主鏈路故障，備用鏈路可在 1 毫秒內切換，實現零丟包，滿足演唱會等高可靠性需求。
3. 技術規格
音訊格式：支援 PCM（脈衝編碼調變），常見規格為 48 kHz 或 96 kHz 採樣率，24-bit 或 32-bit 位深。
傳輸協定：基於 IEEE 1722，將音頻數據封裝為 AVTP（影音傳輸協定）數據封包，支援多通道複用傳輸。
頻寬需求：每通道約 1.5 Mbps（48 kHz/24-bit），加上控制和管理消耗，典型設備可支援 64-128 通道。
延遲性能：端到端延遲通常為 1-4 毫秒（視網路跳數），比 Dante（5-10 毫秒）更低且更穩定。
4. 應用領域
Milan 技術廣泛應用於以下場景：
演唱會與大型活動：支援數百個音訊通道（如混音台到揚聲器的分發），確保同步精度在 1 微秒以內。
固定設施：如會議中心，提供穩定、長期的音訊網路，支援多點音源分發。
廣播與錄音：低延遲和高品質傳輸，滿足多軌錄音和直播需求。
5. 與其他協定比較
Dante：基於 IP，使用 UDP 傳輸，延遲約 5-10 毫秒，需手動配置 QoS。Milan 的 AVB 提供原生確定性，延遲更低且無需額外設定。
RAVENNA/AES67：基於 IP 和 RTP，支援高達 192 kHz 採樣率，但缺乏 Milan 的確定性保證，需依賴外部 PTP 時鐘。
優勢：Milan 的 TSN 特性（下一代 AVB 標準）使其在頻寬效率和穩定性上領先，尤其適合遠端無人的現場環境。
6. 市場影響與前景
Milan 已被 d&b audiotechnik、L-Acoustics 和 Glensound 等品牌採用。Avnu 聯盟的認證計畫要求設備通過互通性測試（如通道映射一致性、時鐘同步驗證），提升市場信任。隨著 TSN 技術普及，Milan 可望擴展到更高頻寬應用（如 4K 視訊同步）。
7. 結論
Milan 技術結合 AVB 的確定性與專業音訊的實用性，提供穩定、易用且高效的網路音訊解決方案。其低延遲、高相容性和備援設計滿足了當前專業需求，並為未來音視頻整合奠定基礎。對 Glensound 等品牌而言，加入 Milan 生態系統意味著能提供更先進的技術支持。
U4GM - Marvel Rivals: 15 Skill Combos to Dominate Battles
Whether you’re diving into Marvel Rivals for the first time or already grinding ranked matches, mastering skill combos is essential for turning the tide of battle. This 6v6 team shooter doesn’t just reward good aim—it demands coordination, timing, and synergy between heroes. With a constantly evolving roster and layered abilities, here are 15 devastating combos that can elevate your game and help you clutch those key fights.
1. Iron Man’s Laser Barrage + Scarlet Witch’s Chaos Field
Start with Iron Man’s high-damage laser barrage while Scarlet Witch casts her Chaos Field to disable enemies. The field keeps targets in place just long enough for Tony to melt through their health bars.
2. Storm’s Hurricane Lift + Magneto’s Metal Barrage
Storm’s crowd control is underrated. Lift enemies into the air and let Magneto unleash his metallic fury. The air-time gives Magneto a clean line of fire, with little chance of enemies dodging.
3. Spider-Man’s Web Snare + Rocket Raccoon’s Mine Trap
Web Snare locks enemies in place—just long enough for Rocket to pop mines underneath them. Quick, effective, and brutal in tight choke points.
4. Loki’s Illusion Ambush + Black Panther’s Pounce
Loki creates chaos with illusions, confusing opponents and making it easy for Black Panther to dash in with a devastating pounce. Great for picking off backline threats.
5. Doctor Strange’s Portal Shift + Hulk’s Smash
Strange can warp the battlefield. Set up a portal near the objective and let Hulk crash in with Smash for a surprise entrance that can shatter enemy lines.
6. Star-Lord’s Sound Bomb + Iron Fist’s Chi Burst
Star-Lord disorients, Iron Fist obliterates. The Sound Bomb leaves enemies vulnerable for Iron Fist to close in and burst them down with his empowered strikes.
7. Magneto’s Gravity Well + Hela’s Dark Barrage
Pull them in with Magneto, then decimate them with Hela’s rapid-fire dark energy bolts. It’s an oppressive combo that punishes tightly grouped enemies.
8. Scarlet Witch’s Telekinetic Push + Venom’s Lunge
Scarlet Witch can force enemies into Venom’s range, where his Lunge ability finishes them off with brutal efficiency. Works especially well in corridors.
9. Storm’s Lightning Surge + Loki’s Deceit Cloak
Storm initiates with AoE pressure while Loki sneaks in under cloak to finish targets off. High-skill combo, but deadly in practiced hands.
10. Rocket Raccoon’s Turret Setup + Iron Man’s Flight Assault
Use Rocket’s turret to keep enemies distracted, then Iron Man swoops in from above. With enemy focus split, you get more value from both heroes’ sustained damage.
11. Hulk’s Ground Slam + Spider-Man’s AoE Web Strike
Hulk slams the ground, stunning enemies, while Spider-Man leaps in with a Web Strike that hits multiple targets. Crowd control into splash damage—classic teamfight win.
12. Black Panther’s Stealth Entry + Star-Lord’s Air Support
Let Black Panther initiate under stealth, then call in Star-Lord’s air support to clean up. The combo works great for breaking entrenched enemy defenses.
13. Venom’s Grab + Hela’s Soul Storm
Venom isolates one enemy and pulls them in. Hela unleashes her Soul Storm for instant deletion. Perfect for shutting down overconfident tanks.
14. Iron Fist’s Dragon Kick + Storm’s Static Field
Iron Fist knocks enemies into the air with Dragon Kick, making them easy targets for Storm’s AoE damage. It’s a flashy, high-reward initiation tool.
15. Doctor Strange’s Time Lock + Magneto’s Ultimate
Strange freezes time, Magneto brings destruction. There’s nothing quite as satisfying as trapping the entire enemy team and letting Magneto unleash chaos.
As new heroes and abilities roll out, expect even more creative synergy potential. Whether you're looking to refine your team play or simply experiment with new duo tactics, mastering these combos will give you an edge.
Also, if you're planning to expand your roster or grab some new looks for your favorite characters, there are plenty of Marvel Rivals skins for sale right now. Some players even buy Marvel Rivals bundles from platforms like U4GM, where it's easy to pick up cosmetics and resources without grinding endlessly. Just make sure you're staying up to date with balance patches—some combos may be nerfed or reworked.